Security

Separatism

External Affair Minister - Focusing on nexus between separatism and centrally organized crime.

What is Separatism?

Demand for a separate statehood. Region demanding the creation of a separate independent state.

1. Insurgency - Organized Armed resistance with state.
• Aim - Overthrowing regime
• Require material or moral support
• Ideological or Maoist insurgency in central and eastern India.
2. Movement for separate statehood
• Statehood movement
• Autonomy movement - For managing their economic, social and political affairs.
• Secessionist movement - One region in a country wants to secede and become a sovereign state. e.g. - Nagalingam

Concern regarding the secessionist movement

1. International and financial support
2. Link with organized crime - Drugs trade to finance themselves.
3. Effect on international relations - India/Canada
4. Instability in the region - Violence against state and people

Factor responsible for the rise of separatist tendencies

1. Regional imbalance in economic development.
• Northeast - Region suffered negligence in economic development after independence.
2. Cultural identity - Preservation of their different culture and social practices.
3. Historical reasons - Some Mizos believed that they were never a part of British India.
4. Lack of trust in state - Loss of public confidence in the capacity of the state to protect their life and property.
5. Foreign policy - Some Ukrainian with NATO or EU, other with Russia.
6. International and Financial Support 

India's approach

1. Democratic Negotiation
2. Power sharing - Decentralization
3. Backward class development - Ensure sustainable development in area.
4. Flexibility of the Constitution - 6th Schedule
5. Use of Force - United Liberation Front in Assam

India's Anti-National Approach

1. Legislative framework - UAPA (1967) and NSA (1980).
2. Dedicated Law enforcement agency - NIA: India's primary counterterrorism law enforcement organization.
3. Countering the financing the Terrorism - FATF, Asia/Pacific group on Money laundering and Eurasian Group.
4. Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) - Ministery of home affairs is the lead agency.
5. Win the mind and hearts of people - Civic Action Program (Supporting civil by security forces) and Udaan Scheme (Capacity building of youth in J&K).
6. International and Regional Cooperation

Factors highlighting the need to change the approach towards terrorism.

1. Lack of hierarchical structure in recent terrorist acts 
• Loose affiliation with like minded groups.
• Lone wolf
2. Change nature of weapons
• Use of chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear materials.
3. Use of technology
• Coordinated cyber-attack.
4. Various platforms or websites are indulged in terrorism financing through crowd funding.
5. Lack of definition at a global level
6. Nexus with other organized crime.
7. Terrorism has nexus with other organized crime such as Counterfeit goods production and trade, flora and fauna crimes and drug trafficking.
8. Lack of interagency cooperation among different Anti-Terrorist Agencies function under central and state government.

Global Terrorism Index (2023) - India's rank 13th (Among worst affected country).

Way Forward

1. Model of Anti-terrorism should be established under NIA in all states.
2. All ATAs should make multidimensional and artificial intelligence-based use of database.
• ICJS - Inter-Operable Criminal Justice System
• NAFIS - National Automated Fingerprint Identification System
• NDHTO - National Database of Human Trafficking Offenders
• NIDANO - National Integrated Database on Arrested Narco-Offenders
3. To ensure better cooperation between center and state agencies, all state ATAs should have uniform hierarchy and standard operating procedure.
4. Collaborating from global level to grassroots.
5. Adopt common training module to brough unity in methodology in combating terrorism.

Other measures

1. Focus of linkage of Terrorism with other organized crime.
• Operation Dhvast - NIA coordination with Punjab and Haryana Police busted a Terrorist-Gangster-Drugs-Arms Trafficking nexus.
2. Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs has recommended to establish a common platform to counter-terror under the Neighborhood First Policy.
3. Strengthen democratic institution to enable government to trust and cooperation of its citizens.

IAF Ensign

It contains.

1. National Symbol
2. The Ashoka Lion
3. Satyamev Jayate
4. Himalayan Eagle
5. IAF Motto - Touching the sky with glory.

Sonobuoys

1. Small device used for underwater acoustic surveillance.
2. It contains hydrophones that detect underwater sounds, especially those made by submarines.

Simbex Exercise

Annual bilateral naval exercise conducted by Indian Navy and Republic of Singapore Navy.